T\u00fcrkiye tar\u0131m\u0131nda \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunlar\u0131ndan biri haline gelen bor\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fc, giderek daha karma\u015f\u0131k ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez bir yap\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. Bu makalede, \u00e7ift\u00e7i bor\u00e7lanmas\u0131n\u0131n kanallar\u0131n\u0131, son 10 y\u0131ldaki yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fimi ve kredi verimlili\u011fi \u00fczerinden sermaye olu\u015fumu \u00fczerindeki etkilerini ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
Piyasa Bor\u00e7lar\u0131: G\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen Y\u00fck<\/p>\n
\u00c7ift\u00e7iler i\u00e7in en eri\u015filebilir bor\u00e7 kanallar\u0131ndan biri olan piyasa bor\u00e7lar\u0131, genellikle nakit al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi olmadan yap\u0131lan ve hasat sonras\u0131 \u00f6denen bor\u00e7lard\u0131r. Bu bor\u00e7lar, akaryak\u0131t, g\u00fcbre, ila\u00e7, yem gibi temel \u00fcretim girdilerinin al\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Son y\u0131llarda kredi kartlar\u0131na taksitli sat\u0131\u015flar artsa da, geleneksel y\u00f6ntem olan ayni bor\u00e7 sistemi h\u00e2l\u00e2 yayg\u0131n. Bu kalemlerin \u00e7ift\u00e7i toplam borcu i\u00e7indeki oran\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k %15-20 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Tar\u0131m Kredi Kooperatifleri: Finansman\u0131n D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc<\/p>\n
Di\u011fer bir \u00e7ift\u00e7i bor\u00e7lanma kanal\u0131 ise Tar\u0131m Kredi Kooperatifleri Merkez Birli\u011fi (TKKMB) kooperatifleri \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lan bor\u00e7lar. Ben bu benzeri kurumlar i\u00e7in tar\u0131msal finans kurumu tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131yorum. TKKMB\u2019den yap\u0131lan bor\u00e7lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu son iki y\u0131la kadar yine i\u015fletme kredisi nitelikli bor\u00e7lar idi. Makine ekipman bor\u00e7lar\u0131 toplam bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te biri kadar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu. Ancak son iki y\u0131lda bu tablo bozuldu ve makine ekipman kredileri a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 finansman maliyetleri nedeniyle kullan\u0131lamaz oldu.<\/p>\n
Banka Kredileri: En B\u00fcy\u00fck Bor\u00e7 Kalemi<\/p>\n
En b\u00fcy\u00fck pay\u0131 ise kamu ve \u00f6zel bankalardan al\u0131nan krediler olu\u015fturuyor. Bu alanda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan kurum Ziraat Bankas\u0131. Buradaki bor\u00e7lar \u00fc\u00e7 kategoriye ayr\u0131l\u0131yor:<\/p>\n
K\u0131sa Vadeli Krediler: \u0130\u015fletme faaliyetleri i\u00e7in al\u0131nan ve 1-1,5 y\u0131l vadeli bor\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n
Orta ve Uzun Vadeli Krediler: Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan, 18 ay ile 7 y\u0131l aras\u0131 vadeli bor\u00e7lar (\u00f6rne\u011fin trakt\u00f6r, seralar, dam\u0131zl\u0131k hayvanlar).<\/p>\n
Gayri Nakdi Krediler: \u0130potek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u0131nan, \u00e7o\u011funlukla g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilen bor\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n
2013 \u2013 2023 K\u0131yaslamas\u0131: Rakamlar Ne Diyor?<\/p>\n
2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin orta ve uzun vadeli borcu 17,9 milyar TL iken, 2023’te bu rakam 391,8 milyar TL\u2019ye y\u00fckseldi.<\/p>\n
Toplam banka borcu 2013\u2019te 37,8 milyar TL iken, 2023\u2019te 605,7 milyar TL\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Orta-uzun vadeli borcun toplam bor\u00e7 i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 2013\u2019te %44 iken, 2023\u2019te %61\u2019e ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde br\u00fct sabit sermaye olu\u015fumu 22 milyar TL\u2019den 281 milyar TL\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131ksa da, bu art\u0131\u015f TL baz\u0131nda %1280 gibi u\u00e7uk bir seviyeye ula\u015farak reel bir b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi de\u011fil, daha \u00e7ok enflasyonist bir geni\u015flemeyi i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n
Dikkat \u00c7eken Ger\u00e7ek: Sermaye A\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n
2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7ift\u00e7iler krediler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da yat\u0131r\u0131m yapabiliyorlard\u0131. Hatta yat\u0131r\u0131m miktarlar\u0131 kredi toplam\u0131ndan %18 daha fazlayd\u0131. Ancak 2023\u2019e geldi\u011fimizde bu tablo tersine d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Kulland\u0131klar\u0131 kredi, olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 sabit sermayeden %39 daha fazlayd\u0131. Yani kredinin tamam\u0131 bile yat\u0131r\u0131ma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
Bu tablo, kredilerin ama\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini ya da tar\u0131msal yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n maliyetlerinin kredilerle dahi kar\u015f\u0131lanamayacak d\u00fczeyde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n
Kredi Verimlili\u011fi ve Tar\u0131msal Gelecek<\/p>\n
2023 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re, kullan\u0131lan kredilerin ancak %72\u2019si ile sabit sermaye olu\u015fturulabilmi\u015f. Bu da bize, ya kredilerin verimli projelerde kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da krediye konu olan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n gere\u011finden pahal\u0131 ve yanl\u0131\u015f kurgulanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7 olarak, \u00e7ift\u00e7iler bor\u00e7la d\u00f6nen bir sistemde hem \u00f6z sermaye koyam\u0131yor hem de ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bor\u00e7la yeterince yat\u0131r\u0131m yapam\u0131yor. 2013\u2019te yat\u0131r\u0131m, borcu ge\u00e7erken; 2023\u2019te bor\u00e7, yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6n\u00fcnde seyrediyor.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7: Tar\u0131m U\u00e7muyor, Bor\u00e7 Bat\u0131yor<\/p>\n
Kredi art\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerinden tar\u0131msal geli\u015fme anlat\u0131s\u0131 yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Rakamlar u\u00e7uyor ama \u00e7ift\u00e7i yere daha \u00e7ok bas\u0131yor. Bu tablo, tar\u0131m politikalar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesini, kredi sisteminin verimlilik temelli yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131yor. Yoksa bor\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fc alt\u0131nda ezilen \u00e7ift\u00e7inin \u00fcretime devam etmesi yaln\u0131zca bir hayal olur.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
T\u00fcrkiye tar\u0131m\u0131nda \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunlar\u0131ndan biri haline gelen bor\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fc, giderek daha karma\u015f\u0131k ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez bir yap\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. Bu makalede, \u00e7ift\u00e7i bor\u00e7lanmas\u0131n\u0131n kanallar\u0131n\u0131, son 10 y\u0131ldaki yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fimi ve kredi verimlili\u011fi \u00fczerinden sermaye olu\u015fumu \u00fczerindeki etkilerini ele alaca\u011f\u0131z. Piyasa Bor\u00e7lar\u0131: G\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen Y\u00fck \u00c7ift\u00e7iler i\u00e7in en eri\u015filebilir bor\u00e7 kanallar\u0131ndan biri olan piyasa bor\u00e7lar\u0131, genellikle nakit …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3531,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3530","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-tarim-haberleri"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/topraktaumutvar.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3530","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/topraktaumutvar.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/topraktaumutvar.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/topraktaumutvar.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/topraktaumutvar.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3530"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/topraktaumutvar.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3530\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/topraktaumutvar.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3531"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/topraktaumutvar.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3530"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/topraktaumutvar.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3530"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/topraktaumutvar.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3530"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}